Introduction & Background

Weight gain occurs when the body consistently consumes more calories than it burns, leading to the storage of excess fat. Over time, weight gain can have significant effects on metabolism, the process through which the body converts food into energy. Metabolism is often categorized into two phases: catabolism (breaking down food for energy) and anabolism (building and repairing tissues). A person’s metabolic rate (the speed at which they burn calories) plays a critical role in regulating weight and overall health.

However, when individuals gain weight, especially in the form of excess fat, it can alter the body’s metabolic function. Changes in hormones, insulin sensitivity, and fat storage mechanisms can all be influenced by weight gain. Understanding how weight gain impacts metabolism is essential for formulating effective prevention and treatment strategies for obesity and related metabolic disorders like diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Causes of Weight Gain and Its Impact on Metabolism

Weight gain is the result of several contributing factors, which often work in combination. These causes can be broadly classified into lifestyle factors, genetic influences, and environmental triggers:

1. Poor Diet: High intake of calories, particularly from processed foods, sugars, and fats, can overwhelm the body’s ability to burn them off, leading to fat storage. An imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure results in weight gain.
2. Lack of Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyles are a major contributor to weight gain. Physical activity not only helps burn calories but also keeps the metabolism functioning efficiently.
3. Genetic Factors: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to store fat more efficiently or have a slower metabolism. Genetic predisposition can affect the body’s ability to regulate appetite and energy expenditure.
4. Hormonal Changes: Hormones like insulin, cortisol, and thyroid hormones play a critical role in regulating metabolism. Weight gain can disrupt the delicate balance of these hormones, which may lead to more fat storage.
5. Medical Conditions: Conditions such as hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and insulin resistance can slow down metabolism and cause weight gain.
6. Medications: Certain drugs, including antidepressants, corticosteroids, and insulin, may lead to weight gain as a side effect by altering the body’s metabolic processes.

Indications of Weight Gain and Metabolic Disruption

Weight gain becomes concerning when it reaches a point where it negatively impacts metabolism and overall health. Key indicators of metabolic disruption include:

1. Increased Body Fat Percentage: The accumulation of fat around the abdomen, known as visceral fat, is particularly harmful as it can affect hormone regulation and contribute to metabolic disorders.
2. Slowed Energy Levels: A noticeable drop in energy levels despite adequate rest could indicate a slower metabolism, which is often a result of excessive weight gain.
3. Difficulty Losing Weight: Individuals may find it increasingly difficult to shed excess pounds, even with dietary changes and increased exercise, as the body adapts to weight gain and metabolic efficiency decreases.
4. Increased Appetite: The body may signal the brain to consume more food, which can contribute to a cycle of overeating and continued weight gain.
5. Changes in Blood Sugar and Insulin Resistance: Weight gain, particularly abdominal fat, is linked to insulin resistance, a condition in which the body becomes less responsive to insulin. This can lead to higher blood sugar levels and, over time, to type 2 diabetes.

Symptoms of Metabolic Dysfunction Due to Weight Gain

When metabolism is disrupted due to weight gain, individuals may experience several symptoms that signal an imbalance in metabolic function:

1. Frequent Hunger and Cravings: Insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances can lead to uncontrollable hunger and cravings, particularly for high-sugar or high-fat foods.
2. Inability to Lose Weight: Despite efforts to reduce calorie intake or increase physical activity, weight loss becomes more difficult, or weight may continue to rise.
3. Fatigue and Lethargy: Slower metabolism means the body has less energy available from food, leading to feelings of tiredness and sluggishness.
4. Mood Swings and Irritability: Hormonal fluctuations due to weight gain can affect brain chemicals that regulate mood, potentially leading to irritability, anxiety, or depression.
5. Increased Sweating and Heat Sensitivity: Disrupted metabolism may lead to abnormal sweating or discomfort in high temperatures as the body’s thermoregulation mechanism is affected.

Prevention Strategies for Weight Gain and Metabolic Disruption

Preventing weight gain and maintaining a healthy metabolism requires a combination of lifestyle modifications:

1. Balanced Diet: Prioritizing nutrient-dense, whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can help regulate calorie intake while maintaining metabolic efficiency.
2. Regular Physical Activity: Engaging in regular exercise, including both aerobic and strength training activities, can help regulate weight, improve insulin sensitivity, and enhance metabolic rate.
3. Stress Management: High levels of chronic stress can increase cortisol levels, contributing to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Techniques like meditation, yoga, or mindfulness can be helpful.
4. Adequate Sleep: Consistently getting 7–9 hours of sleep per night is crucial for maintaining hormonal balance and supporting metabolic processes.
5. Hydration: Drinking enough water aids in metabolism by supporting digestion and fat-burning processes.

Myths and Facts About Weight Gain and Metabolism

Myth 1: “Metabolism is solely determined by genetics.”
Fact: While genetics plays a role in metabolism, lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise have a significant impact on metabolic function.

Myth 2: “Eating at night causes weight gain.”
Fact: The timing of eating is less important than the total calorie intake. Eating late at night does not inherently cause weight gain unless it contributes to a calorie surplus.

Myth 3: “Metabolism slows down drastically with age.”
Fact: While metabolism does tend to decrease slightly with age, maintaining physical activity and a healthy diet can minimize this decline.

Myth 4: “Drinking water can significantly boost metabolism.”
Fact: Drinking water may slightly increase metabolism, but it’s not a magic solution for weight loss. It’s important to focus on overall lifestyle changes.

Treatments and Therapy

The treatment of weight gain and metabolic disruption involves a multi-faceted approach. Various strategies may be employed based on the underlying cause of the weight gain.

Medication-Based Treatments
Medications for weight gain and metabolic conditions include:

• Weight loss medications: These include drugs like Orlistat and Phentermine, which reduce appetite or block fat absorption.
• Insulin sensitizers: Metformin is commonly prescribed for individuals with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.
• Thyroid hormone replacement: In cases of hypothyroidism, synthetic thyroid hormones can help normalize metabolism.

Surgical Treatments
In cases of severe obesity or metabolic disorders, surgical interventions may be recommended:

• Bariatric surgery: This includes procedures like gastric bypass or gastric sleeve surgery to restrict food intake and promote weight loss.
• Liposuction: A cosmetic procedure that removes excess fat but does not address underlying metabolic issues.

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Physical therapy can help individuals with weight gain-related complications, such as joint pain, mobility issues, or metabolic syndrome, improve their physical function and metabolic rate.

Lifestyle and Behavioral Interventions
Long-term success in managing weight gain and metabolism involves changes to lifestyle and behavior:

• Dietary modifications: Reducing calorie intake, avoiding processed foods, and focusing on portion control.
• Exercise: A combination of cardiovascular exercise, resistance training, and flexibility exercises.

Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Some individuals may seek alternative treatments, such as acupuncture or herbal supplements, to help manage weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. While these can offer benefits, they should be used in conjunction with medical advice.

Psychotherapy and Counseling
Behavioral therapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help address emotional eating habits and support weight management.

Top 20 FAQs on Weight Gain and Metabolism

1. What is metabolism?
   Metabolism refers to the complex set of chemical reactions in the body that convert food into energy. It involves processes like breaking down food for energy (catabolism) and building and repairing tissues (anabolism).
2. How does weight gain affect metabolism?
   When you gain weight, especially in the form of fat, your metabolism may slow down. Increased fat, particularly around the abdomen, can lead to hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance, both of which can disrupt the body’s ability to burn calories efficiently.
3. Can metabolism be sped up?
   Yes, metabolism can be slightly increased through physical activity, particularly strength training, and a higher-protein diet. Building muscle mass also boosts resting metabolic rate, as muscle burns more calories than fat.
4. Why do some people gain weight more easily than others?
   Genetics, lifestyle choices, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic rate can all influence how easily a person gains weight. Some people have a naturally slower metabolism, while others may have higher levels of fat storage due to genetic factors.
5. What role do hormones play in metabolism?
   Hormones such as insulin, thyroid hormones, cortisol, and leptin play critical roles in regulating metabolism. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to slowed metabolism, increased fat storage, and difficulty losing weight.
6. How does stress impact metabolism and weight gain?
   Chronic stress increases the production of cortisol, a hormone that can promote fat storage, especially around the abdomen. High cortisol levels can lead to overeating and cravings for high-calorie foods, further contributing to weight gain.
7. What is the best diet for boosting metabolism?
   A balanced diet rich in whole foods such as lean proteins, healthy fats, fruits, and vegetables can help support metabolism. High-protein foods and whole grains are particularly beneficial because they require more energy to digest and metabolize.
8. How can exercise affect metabolism?
   Exercise, particularly strength training and cardiovascular workouts, can increase the rate at which your body burns calories. Regular physical activity also helps improve insulin sensitivity and hormone regulation, which supports metabolic function.
9. Can weight loss medications help improve metabolism?
   Some weight loss medications, such as stimulants and medications that reduce appetite or block fat absorption, may temporarily boost metabolism. However, these medications should be used under medical supervision and combined with lifestyle changes for long-term results.
10. Is it possible to have a slow metabolism and not gain weight?
    Yes, it is possible. Metabolism is just one factor in weight gain. If a person eats fewer calories than they burn, they can maintain or even lose weight, regardless of their metabolic rate.
11. Does sleep affect metabolism?
    Yes, inadequate sleep can slow metabolism and disrupt hormone levels, leading to weight gain. Lack of sleep increases hunger hormones like ghrelin and decreases leptin, which signals fullness, making you more likely to overeat.
12. How can you tell if you have metabolic syndrome?
    Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess abdominal fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels. If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to get checked by a healthcare provider.
13. What are the risks of metabolic dysfunction?
    Metabolic dysfunction, like insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and fatty liver disease. These conditions can significantly impact overall health and quality of life.
14. Can age affect metabolism?
    Yes, metabolism naturally slows down with age due to a loss of muscle mass and hormonal changes. However, maintaining an active lifestyle, a balanced diet, and muscle-strengthening exercises can help slow this decline.
15. How can I prevent weight gain as I age?
    To prevent weight gain as you age, focus on maintaining muscle mass through resistance training, staying physically active, eating a nutrient-dense diet, and managing stress and sleep.
16. What is the difference between fat loss and weight loss?
    Fat loss refers to reducing body fat specifically, while weight loss can involve a decrease in both fat and muscle mass. Fat loss is typically the desired goal for health, as muscle mass is important for metabolism and overall body function.
17. Is intermittent fasting effective for improving metabolism?
    Intermittent fasting can help regulate insulin levels and promote fat burning. However, it is not a universal solution and may not work for everyone. It’s important to consider individual lifestyle and health conditions when trying fasting methods.
18. How does insulin resistance relate to metabolism?
    Insulin resistance occurs when the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to higher blood sugar levels and more fat storage. This disrupts metabolism, making it harder to lose weight and increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
19. Are there natural supplements that help improve metabolism?
    Some natural supplements, such as green tea extract, caffeine, and cayenne pepper, have been shown to temporarily boost metabolism. However, these should be used in conjunction with a healthy diet and exercise regimen, not as a standalone solution.
20. What are the most effective treatments for weight gain and metabolic dysfunction?
    The most effective treatments include lifestyle interventions like dietary changes, regular physical activity, stress management, and adequate sleep. In some cases, medications, weight loss surgery, and behavioral therapy may be recommended for more severe cases of metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusion

Weight gain significantly impacts metabolism and can lead to a host of health issues, including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the complex relationship between weight and metabolism is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Lifestyle interventions, including proper diet, physical activity, and stress management, are key in supporting a healthy metabolism. For those struggling with weight-related health issues, medical treatment options, including medications and surgical procedures, may also be necessary. By addressing the root causes of weight gain and metabolic disruption, individuals can improve their health and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

The post Weight Gain and Its Impact on Metabolism appeared first on MyMedicPlus.

Introduction & Background

Sleep and weight gain are closely related, influencing each other in multiple ways. Sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality can lead to hormonal imbalances, increased appetite, and changes in metabolism that promote weight gain. Conversely, excess weight can impact the quality and duration of sleep, creating a vicious cycle. This document will delve into the intricate relationship between sleep and weight gain, exploring the causes, indications, symptoms, prevention strategies, treatments, and common myths.

Causes of Weight Gain Due to Sleep Issues

Several factors contribute to weight gain caused by sleep deprivation or poor sleep quality:

1. Hormonal Imbalance: Sleep deprivation affects key hormones involved in appetite regulation. Leptin, the hormone that signals fullness, decreases, while ghrelin, the hormone that triggers hunger, increases. This leads to overeating and cravings for unhealthy foods.
2. Increased Stress: Lack of sleep increases cortisol levels, the body’s primary stress hormone. Elevated cortisol can promote fat storage, particularly around the abdominal area, leading to weight gain.
3. Metabolic Changes: Sleep deprivation can reduce the body’s ability to process carbohydrates and regulate blood sugar levels, making it easier to gain weight and harder to lose it.
4. Reduced Physical Activity: People who don’t get enough rest tend to feel more fatigued and less motivated to exercise. Physical inactivity is a significant contributor to weight gain.
5. Poor Food Choices: Sleep deprivation can impair judgment, leading to poor food choices, such as opting for high-calorie, processed foods, which contribute to weight gain.

Indications of Weight Gain Due to Sleep Issues

Recognizing the signs of weight gain due to poor sleep can be crucial for addressing the issue. Common indications include:

1. Unexplained Weight Gain: Sudden or gradual weight gain without changes in diet or exercise habits may signal a sleep-related issue.
2. Increased Hunger: Frequent hunger pangs or cravings, especially for high-calorie foods, may indicate disrupted sleep patterns.
3. Poor Sleep Quality: Waking up tired, frequent nighttime awakenings, or difficulty falling asleep can be signs of a connection between sleep and weight gain.
4. Fatigue and Low Energy: Experiencing persistent tiredness and lack of energy throughout the day, despite adequate sleep duration, might be due to poor sleep quality impacting metabolism.

Symptoms of Weight Gain Due to Sleep Issues

Symptoms associated with weight gain caused by sleep deprivation often overlap with general sleep disorders. Common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty Sleeping: Trouble falling or staying asleep can lead to disturbed circadian rhythms and promote weight gain.
2. Increased Appetite: A noticeable increase in hunger, particularly for high-fat and high-sugar foods, often occurs when sleep quality is poor.
3. Weight Gain Around the Abdomen: Increased fat storage around the stomach area is linked to poor sleep and high cortisol levels.
4. Mood Swings and Irritability: Sleep disturbances often lead to irritability, mood swings, and a decreased ability to manage stress, which can affect eating habits.

Prevention Strategies of Weight Gain Due to Sleep Issues

Preventing weight gain related to sleep disruptions involves addressing both sleep quality and healthy lifestyle choices:

1. Establishing a Regular Sleep Routine: Going to bed and waking up at the same time each day helps regulate your circadian rhythm and improves sleep quality.
2. Creating a Sleep-Friendly Environment: A cool, dark, and quiet environment promotes better sleep. Eliminating distractions such as electronic devices can also help.
3. Exercise Regularly: Regular physical activity can improve sleep quality and help maintain a healthy weight. However, avoid vigorous exercise close to bedtime.
4. Mindful Eating: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help prevent weight gain. Avoid large meals late at night.
5. Stress Management: Practices like yoga, meditation, or deep-breathing exercises can reduce stress and prevent sleep-related weight gain.
6. Limit Caffeine and Alcohol: Avoid consuming caffeine or alcohol close to bedtime, as they can interfere with sleep and contribute to poor sleep quality.

Myths and Facts About Weight Gain and Sleep

Myth 1: Sleeping More Always Leads to Weight Loss

Fact: While sleep is essential for weight management, merely increasing sleep duration will not automatically lead to weight loss. A balanced diet and regular exercise are necessary components.

Myth 2: Weight Gain from Poor Sleep is Always Due to Overeating

Fact: While overeating can contribute, sleep deprivation also affects metabolism and fat storage, leading to weight gain even with normal or reduced food intake.

Myth 3: People with Sleep Disorders Can’t Lose Weight

Fact: It is possible to lose weight with a sleep disorder, but addressing the sleep issue first is critical. Working on sleep quality, along with proper nutrition and exercise, can lead to better weight management.

Treatments and Therapy for Weight Gain Due to Sleep Problems

Various treatments are available to help manage weight gain related to sleep disturbances:

Medication-Based Treatments

1. Melatonin Supplements: Melatonin helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, improving sleep quality, which may indirectly support weight management.
2. Anti-depressants and Anti-anxiety Medications: In cases where poor sleep is linked to mood disorders, medication can help regulate both mood and sleep.
3. Sleep Aids: Prescription sleep aids may be used temporarily to help people sleep better, leading to better hormonal regulation and weight management.

Surgical Treatments

In extreme cases, such as sleep apnea causing weight gain, surgical options may be considered. These include:

1. Bariatric Surgery: In cases of obesity, bariatric surgery can help with weight loss, indirectly improving sleep by reducing sleep apnea symptoms.
2. Sleep Apnea Surgery: For individuals with sleep apnea, surgical treatments such as UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) may help alleviate symptoms.

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I): This form of therapy helps individuals improve sleep quality by addressing behaviors and thought patterns that disrupt sleep.
2. Breathing Exercises: Breathing techniques can help reduce stress and improve sleep quality, which in turn can help with weight management.

Lifestyle and Behavioral Interventions

1. Sleep Hygiene Education: Learning and practicing good sleep hygiene can help improve sleep quality, which may prevent weight gain.
2. Dietary Adjustments: Balanced eating patterns that promote good sleep hygiene, such as avoiding heavy meals before bed, can be beneficial.

Alternative and Complementary Medicine

1. Acupuncture: Acupuncture may improve sleep quality and reduce stress, thus promoting a healthier weight.
2. Herbal Supplements: Certain herbs like valerian root and chamomile may promote better sleep, supporting weight management.

Psychotherapy and Counseling

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can help address underlying psychological factors, such as anxiety or depression, which can disrupt sleep and contribute to weight gain.
2. Mindfulness Meditation: Meditation techniques can reduce stress and improve both sleep and weight control.

Immunizations and Vaccines

There are currently no specific vaccines or immunizations directly linked to weight gain or sleep issues.

Stem Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy

These therapies are still in the research phase and are not widely available for treating sleep-related weight gain. However, they may offer potential in the future.

Top 20 FAQs on Weight Gain and Sleep

1. How does sleep deprivation cause weight gain?

Answer: Sleep deprivation can disrupt the balance of hormones that regulate hunger, like increasing ghrelin (hunger hormone) and decreasing leptin (satiety hormone), which can lead to increased appetite and overeating. It also alters metabolism, making it easier to store fat.

2. Can poor sleep affect my metabolism?

Answer: Yes, poor sleep can slow down your metabolism. When you don’t get enough rest, your body becomes less efficient at processing glucose, leading to insulin resistance, which promotes fat storage and weight gain.

3. How much sleep do I need to prevent weight gain?

Answer: Most adults need 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night to maintain healthy metabolism and weight. Consistently getting this amount of sleep helps regulate hunger hormones and reduces the risk of overeating.

4. Can I lose weight by improving my sleep?

Answer: Yes, improving sleep can help with weight loss. Better sleep supports healthy metabolism, reduces cravings, and improves energy levels for exercise. It’s an essential part of a healthy weight management strategy.

5. What role does cortisol play in sleep and weight gain?

Answer: Cortisol, the stress hormone, is elevated during periods of poor sleep. High cortisol levels can promote fat storage, particularly around the abdominal area, and lead to increased hunger and cravings for unhealthy foods.

6. Can weight gain affect my sleep quality?

Answer: Yes, excess weight, especially abdominal fat, can lead to sleep issues such as sleep apnea. This condition causes frequent disruptions in sleep, further impacting sleep quality and contributing to a vicious cycle of poor rest and weight gain.

7. Does sleep apnea contribute to weight gain?

Answer: Yes, sleep apnea can contribute to weight gain. It causes frequent sleep disturbances, which can affect hormones like insulin and cortisol. This results in slower metabolism, increased hunger, and cravings, which may lead to overeating.

8. Is napping during the day a good or bad idea for weight loss?

Answer: Short naps (20-30 minutes) can be beneficial if you’re sleep-deprived. They can help improve mood, reduce stress, and enhance your energy, which may indirectly support weight loss. However, long naps can interfere with nighttime sleep, affecting metabolism and weight management.

9. Can I take medications to improve sleep and lose weight?

Answer: Some medications, like melatonin supplements, can improve sleep quality, which may help with weight management. However, weight loss medications should be approached with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

10. Does lack of sleep increase my cravings for unhealthy food?

Answer: Yes, sleep deprivation increases the production of ghrelin (the hunger hormone) and decreases leptin (the satiety hormone), leading to stronger cravings for high-calorie, unhealthy foods, especially those rich in sugar and fat.

11. How can I improve my sleep quality for better weight management?

Answer: To improve sleep, create a consistent sleep routine, avoid caffeine or large meals before bedtime, ensure a comfortable sleep environment, and manage stress through activities like meditation or exercise.

12. Is there a link between sleep disorders and obesity?

Answer: Yes, sleep disorders like sleep apnea and insomnia are closely linked to obesity. Poor sleep quality can disrupt hunger-regulating hormones, slow metabolism, and reduce energy levels, all of which contribute to weight gain.

13. Can I exercise to improve both sleep and weight?

Answer: Yes, regular exercise can improve both sleep and weight. It helps regulate hormones, reduces stress, and burns calories. However, intense exercise too close to bedtime can disrupt sleep, so it’s best to schedule workouts earlier in the day.

14. What are some natural remedies for sleep problems that affect weight?

Answer: Herbal remedies like valerian root, chamomile tea, and lavender oil can help promote relaxation and better sleep. Consistent sleep hygiene practices, such as creating a calming bedtime routine, can also improve sleep and support weight loss.

15. How does stress impact sleep and weight?

Answer: Stress leads to elevated cortisol levels, which can disrupt sleep and increase fat storage. It also affects appetite regulation, causing overeating and cravings for unhealthy foods, thus contributing to weight gain.

16. Can sleep aids help prevent weight gain?

Answer: Sleep aids, such as melatonin or over-the-counter options, may help improve sleep quality. Better sleep can help regulate hunger hormones and metabolism, potentially aiding in weight management. However, long-term use should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

17. Does caffeine interfere with weight management through its effect on sleep?

Answer: Yes, consuming caffeine, especially in the afternoon or evening, can interfere with sleep quality. Poor sleep can disrupt appetite-regulating hormones and metabolism, making it harder to manage weight effectively.

18. How long should I sleep to avoid gaining weight?

Answer: To prevent weight gain, aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night. Consistent, restful sleep helps regulate hormones, metabolism, and appetite, all of which play key roles in weight management.

19. Can I reverse weight gain caused by sleep deprivation?

Answer: Yes, reversing weight gain caused by sleep deprivation is possible by improving sleep hygiene, restoring a healthy sleep schedule, and adopting a balanced diet and regular exercise routine. It may take time for metabolism and hormones to adjust.

20. How do poor sleep habits affect fat storage?

Answer: Poor sleep habits, especially inadequate sleep or irregular sleep patterns, increase the production of cortisol and insulin, both of which promote fat storage, particularly around the abdomen. Additionally, disrupted sleep affects appetite hormones, leading to overeating and poor food choices.

Conclusion

The relationship between sleep and weight gain is a complex one, influenced by hormones, metabolism, and behavior. Adequate, high-quality sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy weight, while sleep deprivation can significantly contribute to weight gain through hormonal imbalances, increased appetite, and altered metabolism. By addressing sleep quality, managing stress, and adopting healthy lifestyle habits, individuals can break the cycle of weight gain related to poor sleep.

The post Weight Gain and Sleep: A Detailed Overview appeared first on MyMedicPlus.

Introduction & Background:

Weight gain is a natural process that often occurs as people age, although it is not an inevitable outcome for everyone. As the body ages, several changes happen that can contribute to weight gain, including hormonal changes, a decrease in muscle mass, and a slowing metabolism. Understanding how aging and weight gain are related is essential for managing healthy weight throughout life.

Throughout adulthood, especially in middle age and beyond, there is a gradual increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean muscle mass. This change is partially due to changes in energy balance, where fewer calories are burned than consumed. Weight gain during aging is often linked to lifestyle factors, genetics, and chronic diseases, such as diabetes or thyroid problems. In this context, it’s crucial to examine the causes, symptoms, prevention strategies, and treatment options to maintain a healthy weight while aging.

Causes of Weight Gain with Aging:

There are several factors that contribute to weight gain as we age, which can be categorized as biological, behavioral, and environmental:

1. Slowing Metabolism:
   One of the most significant contributors to weight gain with age is a slowing metabolism. As we age, the body burns fewer calories at rest. This metabolic slowdown can lead to an increase in fat storage if caloric intake remains unchanged.
2. Loss of Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia):
   As people age, muscle mass naturally declines, a condition known as sarcopenia. This loss of muscle tissue leads to a reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR), meaning fewer calories are burned throughout the day. The decrease in muscle mass makes it easier to gain fat and harder to lose weight.
3. Hormonal Changes:
   Hormonal shifts associated with aging, particularly in women during menopause and in men with age-related testosterone decline, can increase fat accumulation, particularly around the abdomen. Insulin resistance can also develop, leading to weight gain.
4. Decreased Physical Activity:
   Many older adults become less active, either due to health concerns, a lack of motivation, or reduced energy levels. Sedentary behavior contributes to weight gain by reducing the number of calories burned during daily activities.
5. Dietary Changes and Poor Nutrition:
   Aging adults may experience changes in taste and appetite. They may also have difficulty chewing or digesting certain foods, leading to poor dietary choices. Additionally, aging may come with less knowledge or ability to prepare healthy meals, which can lead to overeating or consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods.
6. Medications:
   Many medications used to treat chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, depression, and diabetes may have side effects that promote weight gain. Common examples include corticosteroids, antidepressants, and antihypertensive drugs.
7. Psychological Factors:
   Emotional changes associated with aging, such as depression, loneliness, or stress, can contribute to overeating and weight gain. Some individuals may use food as a coping mechanism for emotional challenges.

Indications of Weight Gain and Aging:

There are several signs that weight gain may be linked to the aging process. Some of the key indications include:

1. Increase in Belly Fat:
   A common sign of weight gain with age is the accumulation of fat around the abdominal area, also known as visceral fat. This type of fat is particularly concerning because it is associated with an increased risk of metabolic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
2. Changes in Body Composition:
   Even if the scale doesn’t show a drastic weight increase, older adults may notice changes in body shape and composition, including an increase in body fat percentage and a reduction in lean muscle mass.
3. Slower Physical Performance:
   Age-related weight gain may lead to difficulty in performing everyday activities that require strength and stamina, such as walking, climbing stairs, or carrying groceries.
4. Joint Pain and Mobility Issues:
   Gaining weight can put extra strain on joints, particularly in the knees and hips. This can result in pain and difficulty moving, which further discourages physical activity.

Symptoms of Weight Gain and Aging:

The symptoms of weight gain as a result of aging are both physical and psychological. These include:

1. Fatigue and Decreased Energy:
   Weight gain and decreased physical activity can lead to fatigue, as carrying extra weight demands more energy. This can also affect overall motivation to remain active.
2. Difficulty with Sleep:
   Increased weight, especially around the abdomen, can lead to sleep apnea and other sleep disorders, contributing to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue.
3. Breathlessness:
   Gaining excess weight can lead to shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. It may also contribute to the development of respiratory conditions like asthma or obstructive sleep apnea.
4. Mental and Emotional Symptoms:
   Weight gain can have psychological effects, including low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression, particularly if an individual feels that their body is changing in ways they cannot control.

Prevention Strategies for Weight Gain and Aging:

While weight gain may be inevitable for some as they age, there are various strategies to prevent excessive weight gain or mitigate the effects of aging on the body:

1. Engage in Regular Physical Activity:
   Physical activity is critical in maintaining a healthy weight and preventing the age-related decline in muscle mass. A mix of cardiovascular exercises (such as walking or swimming), strength training, and flexibility exercises (like yoga) can help maintain muscle mass and boost metabolism.
2. Eat a Balanced Diet:
   A nutrient-rich diet that includes lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats is essential. Older adults should focus on portion control and avoid calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods.
3. Stay Hydrated:
   Drinking enough water is often overlooked, but it’s essential for maintaining metabolism, digestion, and overall health.
4. Manage Stress:
   Chronic stress can contribute to emotional eating and weight gain. Practices like mindfulness, meditation, or relaxation exercises can help mitigate stress.
5. Monitor Health Regularly:
   Regular medical checkups can help identify health conditions that may lead to weight gain or prevent weight loss. Blood tests for hormones like thyroid function and insulin levels are particularly important for aging adults.
6. Improve Sleep Quality:
   Prioritizing good sleep hygiene by sticking to a regular sleep schedule, limiting caffeine, and reducing screen time before bed can help manage weight and improve overall health.

Myths and Facts About Weight Gain and Aging:

1. Myth: Weight gain is inevitable with aging.
   Fact: Weight gain is not inevitable, but lifestyle changes like maintaining physical activity and eating a balanced diet can help prevent it.
2. Myth: Older adults cannot lose weight.
   Fact: With the right diet and exercise plan, weight loss is possible at any age.
3. Myth: Metabolism slows down drastically after age 40.
   Fact: While metabolism may slow, a significant decrease is not inevitable. Maintaining muscle mass through strength training can help mitigate the effects.
4. Myth: Older adults should avoid exercise to prevent injury.
   Fact: Exercise is beneficial at any age. Proper guidance and modifications can make it safe and effective.

Treatments and Therapy:

1. Medication-Based Treatments:
   Some medications may help manage weight in aging adults, especially for conditions like obesity or hypothyroidism. Medications like Orlistat, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and even certain antidepressants may help reduce appetite or enhance metabolism.
2. Surgical Treatments:
   In cases of severe obesity, bariatric surgery (such as gastric bypass) may be recommended to help with significant weight loss.
3. Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation:
   Physical therapy can assist aging adults with improving mobility and strength, while rehabilitation programs can help those with joint pain or muscular imbalances.
4. Lifestyle and Behavioral Interventions:
   Behavioral interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help address emotional eating and establish healthier eating habits.
5. Alternative and Complementary Medicine:
   Acupuncture, herbal supplements, and massage therapy are sometimes used in conjunction with conventional treatments to promote weight loss and overall well-being.
6. Psychotherapy and Counseling:
   Counseling can assist aging adults with managing emotional and psychological factors that contribute to overeating and weight gain.
7. Immunizations and Vaccines:
   While not directly related to weight gain, immunizations can help prevent illnesses that could interfere with physical activity and overall health, such as influenza and pneumonia.
8. Stem Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy:
   Research is ongoing into the use of stem cells and gene therapies for regenerating muscle tissue and combating the effects of aging. While not widely available, this may become a future approach for combating age-related weight gain and muscle loss.

Top 20 FAQ on Weight Gain and Aging:

1. How can I prevent weight gain after 50?
   • To prevent weight gain after 50, focus on maintaining a balanced diet, staying physically active (including both cardiovascular and strength-training exercises), managing stress, and ensuring proper sleep. Reducing calorie intake and focusing on nutrient-dense foods like vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains is also key.
2. Why do we gain weight as we age?
   • Weight gain with aging is often due to a combination of factors, including a slowing metabolism, loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), hormonal changes, decreased physical activity, and lifestyle factors like poor diet and emotional eating.
3. Can I lose weight in my 60s?
   • Yes, weight loss is possible at any age with the right diet and exercise plan. It may require more effort and time compared to younger years, but consistent physical activity and dietary changes can help with weight management.
4. Does menopause cause weight gain?
   • Menopause often leads to hormonal changes, including a decrease in estrogen, which can contribute to weight gain, particularly around the abdomen. However, weight gain is not inevitable, and proper diet and exercise can help manage weight during menopause.
5. What are the best exercises for aging adults to maintain muscle mass?
   • Strength training exercises such as weightlifting, bodyweight exercises (squats, lunges, push-ups), and resistance band exercises can help maintain or increase muscle mass in aging adults. Additionally, cardiovascular exercises like walking, swimming, or cycling can support overall health.
6. How do I manage emotional eating as I age?
   • Managing emotional eating involves identifying triggers for overeating and finding healthier ways to cope with stress or emotions, such as through exercise, mindfulness, journaling, or seeking support through therapy or counseling.
7. Is it normal to gain belly fat as you get older?
   • Yes, as we age, there is often an increase in belly fat due to hormonal shifts, particularly in women after menopause. However, abdominal fat is linked to higher health risks, so managing weight through diet and exercise is essential.
8. Can stress cause weight gain in older adults?
   • Yes, stress can lead to weight gain through emotional eating or hormonal changes, including elevated cortisol levels. Chronic stress can increase appetite and lead to cravings for high-calorie, comfort foods.
9. Are there medications that can help with age-related weight gain?
   • Some medications, such as those that control appetite or increase metabolism, can help with weight management. However, these should be prescribed by a doctor and used in conjunction with a healthy lifestyle.
10. How much weight gain is considered normal with aging?
    • Some weight gain is common with aging due to hormonal changes and a slower metabolism. However, gaining more than 5-10 pounds per decade may signal the need for lifestyle adjustments, including diet and exercise changes.
11. Can weight gain affect my health as I age?
    • Yes, excess weight can increase the risk of various health conditions such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, joint pain, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure. Managing weight is crucial for reducing these risks.
12. What is sarcopenia, and how does it contribute to weight gain?
    • Sarcopenia refers to the age-related loss of muscle mass, which can slow metabolism and make weight gain easier. Losing muscle mass also reduces the body’s ability to burn calories, contributing to fat accumulation.
13. Is it true that older adults need fewer calories?
    • Yes, as we age, our caloric needs typically decrease due to a slower metabolism and less physical activity. It’s important to focus on nutrient-dense foods to meet the body’s needs without overeating.
14. Can sleep apnea cause weight gain in older adults?
    • Yes, sleep apnea can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to fatigue, poor energy levels, and increased cravings for high-calorie foods. Additionally, sleep deprivation can alter metabolism and promote fat storage.
15. What are the best diets for older adults trying to maintain a healthy weight?
    • A Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, is ideal for older adults. Reducing processed foods, added sugars, and excessive fats will also help in maintaining a healthy weight.
16. How does hormonal change affect weight gain after 50?
    • Hormonal changes, particularly the drop in estrogen levels in women and a decrease in testosterone in men, can contribute to weight gain by increasing fat storage and altering the distribution of fat, especially around the abdomen.
17. Are there any risks associated with rapid weight loss in aging adults?
    • Rapid weight loss can result in muscle loss, nutritional deficiencies, and may increase the risk of gallstones. For older adults, it’s important to aim for a gradual, sustainable weight loss approach.
18. Can physical therapy help with weight loss in older adults?
    • Yes, physical therapy can help older adults improve strength, mobility, and overall physical function. While not a direct weight loss treatment, it can assist with exercises and rehabilitation that promote an active lifestyle, helping with weight management.
19. What role does hydration play in maintaining a healthy weight as we age?
    • Proper hydration is essential for metabolism, digestion, and overall health. Drinking enough water can also help curb unnecessary cravings, making it easier to manage weight.
20. How do I stay motivated to exercise and eat healthy as I get older?
    • Staying motivated requires setting realistic goals, tracking progress, finding enjoyable activities, and seeking social support. It’s also helpful to focus on the long-term health benefits of maintaining an active lifestyle, such as increased energy, better mobility, and improved mental well-being.

Conclusion:

Weight gain and aging are closely intertwined, with several biological, psychological, and environmental factors contributing to the challenges of maintaining a healthy weight. However, with the right prevention strategies and treatment options, older adults can mitigate the effects of aging on their body composition and health. The key lies in maintaining a balanced diet, staying active, managing stress, and seeking appropriate medical advice when necessary. By making mindful lifestyle choices, older adults can age gracefully, maintaining both a healthy weight and an active, fulfilling life.

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Telemedicine platform Practo has witnessed a massive rise in queries related to obesity this year.

The company has noted a 550 per cent rise in such queries from 2019.

“This indicates growing awareness about the disease among people and an increase in the knowledge of treatments like bariatric and diets that are related to obesity,” Practo said.

The terms most searched on the platform this year include “obesity symptoms and causes, weight loss, fat loss, diet management, childhood obesity, COVID-19 and obesity and bariatric treatment.”

“The top searched queries give an understanding of how people are aware and concerned of problems like BMI levels, bariatric surgery and the various diets that came into the limelight over the past two years,” Practo said.

A majority of these queries were from Delhi-NCR, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Pune and Chennai. In non-metro cities, most of the queries came from Lucknow, Jaipur, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Indore, Vijayawada, Nagpur, Guwahati and Ranchi.

The rise in queries related to obesity is due to increased risks posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.

“Covid-19 and obesity was one of the most discussed concerns in the last six months after several reports hinted at a correlation between the two. It was indicated that people with obesity are more likely to have other diseases that are independent risk factors for severe Covid-19, including heart disease, lung disease, and diabetes than normal-weight people,” read an official release from Practo.

“Another topic that gained a lot of attention during this period was childhood obesity, considering the fact that the lockdown has also negatively impacted diet, sleep and physical activity among children with obesity,” it added.

Dr Alexander Kuruvilla, Chief Healthcare Strategy Officer, Practo, said, “Obesity entails major risk in terms of exposing the patient to life-threatening conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, infertility, and most often than not affects the individual’s mental and physical well-being. Maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active and taking a conscious effort to maintain healthy living will go a long way in the fight against obesity.”

“Timely intervention will help control the condition from becoming unmanageable and posing further threats, especially in cases of childhood obesity,” Kuruvilla added.

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Did you know that 13% of SA kids under the age of five are overweight? “Nutrition is key to ensure a child’s healthy development. Encouraging kids to eat more veggies and fruits, ensuring their meals are as nutritious as possible, and incorporating diversified protein sources – including plant-based options – is very important, but can …

Did you know that 13% of SA kids under the age of five are overweight? “Nutrition is key to ensure a child’s healthy development. Encouraging kids to eat more veggies and fruits, ensuring their meals are as nutritious as possible, and incorporating diversified protein sources – including plant-based options – is very important, but can sometimes prove challenging for parents and caregivers” says Zumi Njongwe, Consumer Communication, and Marketing Excellence Director, Nestlé ESAR.

There is a general misconception that eating healthy is expensive, but try following these budget-friendly tips on your next grocery shopping trip:  

Plan meals ahead

Go through recipe books and browse your favourite food blogs to create a meal plan that fits your household budget. Aim for a week’s worth of recipes that use up all the ingredients you buy so nothing goes to waste.

Make a list and stick to it

Check your fridge and pantry cupboard to see what ingredients you already have for your weekly meal plan. If there are items that are going to expire soon, work those into your meal plan to further minimise wastage. If you’re not good at making lists and sticking to them, take a look at these helpful apps.  

Find affordable alternatives

Take a look at your last grocery trip till slip and look for the most expensive items and research cheaper (but still healthy) alternatives. For example, quinoa is all the buzz, but it’s really expensive so opt for something like brown rice instead or use grapes instead of blueberries. This will help you keep within your budget. If you need help with your budget try these free budgeting templates.  

Have an in-store plan of action

Once you’re in the store, stick to the aisles in which you’ll find your listed items. This will help you avoid adding unnecessary things to your trolley, which you’ll probably look at later and wonder: ‘why on earth did I buy this?’

Comparison is key

Don’t just grab the can or packet you see first. Stores lay out their shelves with the priciest items at eye level, so check above and below for the same product at a more competitive price. Also, avoid being seduced by brand names. The store’s own nameless brands are sometimes a lot cheaper and, often, excellent quality.

Nutritional labels don’t lie

Some things that appear healthy, aren’t. For example, tinned soup may seem like a quick and healthy meal but in fact, many of these are packed with sugar and preservatives. Also skip ready-made meals where you have no control over the amount of salt, sugar, and preservatives added and which are normally very expensive.

Start them slow

A mistake people often make when deciding to ‘become healthy’ is buying huge quantities of healthy food, most of which end up going to waste. Rather buy and prepare small quantities to see what your kids enjoy most. Training your kids’ palate from a young age, to appreciate healthy food will help them establish a lifelong appetite for eating well.

Maintain and sustain normal eating patterns

The increase in childhood obesity can be partly attributed to the decrease in structured eating patterns. Eating breakfast is key to establishing these patterns, which will help them maintain a healthy weight throughout their lives. What they eat is, of course, just as important as when they eat, so avoid sugar-packed cereals and white bread.

Always have healthy snacks on hand

Buying or making snacks in bulk and keeping them on you will ensure that you’re always ready for that inevitable ‘I’m hungry’ when you’re on the go. This way you won’t have to buy convenience food at very inconvenient prices and you’ll keep them full until it’s home time and they can have a proper, filling meal.  

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Living with diabetes is not easy. It is an existence of a lifetime of pills, jabs and dietary restrictions. Yet the disease is ruthless and continues to increase in severity and complications.

New Delhi: Diabetes and obesity are chronic progressive diseases that are on the rise all over the world. India has the dubious distinction of being the diabetes capital of the world with more than 50 million people who suffer from diabetes. There is evidence to suggest a strong association between obesity and development of type 2 diabetes and back in 1970’s the term “diabesity” was coined to address these two twin diseases together. 

In the last 30 years, India has experienced unprecedented economic growth. There has been a surge in the consumption of high-calorie convenience and junk foods as well as an increasing tendency to be sedentary. Today we eat a lot more and exercise a lot less. Additionally, we are genetically prone to have a higher body fat percentage as compared to the western population. Indians typically have greater fat deposition around their bellies (visceral fat) which makes them more prone to developing diabetes even at lower weight and body mass index. 

Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are linked to insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes results as a combination of less insulin production from the pancreas and increased insulin resistance. Individuals who have more visceral fat (fat around the belly area) tend to be more insulin resistant. With rapidly rising rates of obesity in India, it is predicted that the number of patients suffering from diabetes will rise to 87 million by the end of 2030.  Diabetes further leads to micro and macrovascular complications. Longstanding diabetes leads to side effects on eyes (retinopathy), nerves (neuropathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and leads to increased risk for heart disease eventually. 

Living with diabetes is not easy. It is an existence of a lifetime of pills, jabs and dietary restrictions. Yet the disease is ruthless and continues to increase in severity and complications over a period of years. Weight management is an integral part of the management of type 2 diabetes. Patients who suffer from type 2 diabetes tend to lose weight slower than those who do not have diabetes. Unfortunately, losing weight can be a frustrating exercise and most patients tend to get demotivated after multiple unsuccessful attempts. 

Weight management must be done as per the grade of obesity to be effective. While diet and lifestyle modification are the cornerstones for all weight loss programs, they work best for patients who are over-weight (BMI= 23.5 – 27.5 Kg/m2) or suffer from grade 1 obesity (BMI= 27.5 – 32.5 Kg/m2). For patients who suffer from grade 2 or 3 obesity (BMI ≥ 32.5 Kg/m2) along with type 2 diabetes, bariatric/metabolic surgery is an effective weight-loss option. Bariatric/metabolic surgery not only leads to weight loss but also leads to remission of type 2 diabetes in many patients. The level of improvement in blood sugar control after bariatric/metabolic surgery depends on the duration of diabetes, age of the patient, body mass index, pancreatic function and whether the patient is on insulin. Generally, it is seen that patients with lesser duration of diabetes and good pancreatic function achieve blood sugar control within days or months of surgery. The need for intake of diabetic medications also goes down drastically after bariatric/metabolic surgery. The onset of diabetes-related micro and macrovascular complications is also delayed, thus adding more healthy years to a patient’s life. Bariatric and metabolic surgery were included as a part of the treatment algorithm of type 2 diabetes by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2009.

In conclusion, obesity and type 2 diabetes are closely related. Weight management is an important part of diabetes management. Bariatric/metabolic surgery has emerged as an effective treatment options treatment of type 2 diabetes in patients suffering from grade 2 and 3 obesity.

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A raft of new reports have been issued about obesity and ill-health effects. Included within these reports are on-going concerns about obese people and a greater chance of developing more severe COVID-19 symptoms.

Obesity continues to a major problem worldwide and it is associated with a range of metabolic disorders. Definitions of obesity vary, although it is generally accepted that obesity refers to the condition where excess body fat accumulates to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health.

There are different causes of obesity and the condition is not only linked to poor diet and insufficient exercise (such as eating excessive amounts of cheap high-calorie food and spending a lot of time sitting down at desk), for there are genetic issues to consider as well.

According to the University of Virginia there are differences in fat storage and formation between men and women, and this is influenced by different genes found in fat tissue. Furthermore, some of those genes identified are connected with conditions like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

The reason for highlighting the genetic basis is to indicate that the causes of obesity and strategies of address obesity are more complicated than sometimes portrayed. This does not negate the danger surrounding obesity, as three new strands of research show, including one of topical interest in relation to the coronavirus pandemic.

Nutrition and childhood development

Part of the new sets of data relating to obesity and nutrition includes a study which looks at the impact upon children. Taking a longitudinal look, a new analysis considers height and weight of school-aged children and adolescents across the world.

That diet is important matches other research, albeit from a different perspective, such as one study that finds that a healthy quality Mediterranean-like diet partially modifies the association between obesity and cardiovascular mortality.

This study, which comes from Imperial College London, draws upon health information and other metrics relating to 65 million children. The children were aged between five to 19 years old, and the findings are collected from 193 countries.

This analysis shows that school-aged children’s’ height and weight, serving as indicators of their health and quality of their diet, vary enormously around the world. The analysis reveals a 20 centimeter difference between 19-year-olds in the tallest and shortest nations. The key variable is with childhood nutrition, including a lack of quality food. This important factor is associated with stunted growth and a rise in childhood obesity.

It also follows that the lifestyle of women with obesity during pregnancy can lead to long-term cardiovascular benefits for their children. If exercise is not regularly performed, the reverse can occur and children from obese mothers carry a risk of being less healthy and also becoming prone to developing obesity themselves.

The findings appear in the medical journal The Lancet, titled “Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants.”

At the other end of the age scale, severely overweight people are less likely to be able to re-wire their brains and find new neural pathways. This is something of importance in relation to stroke recovery. This finding appears in the journal Brain Science (“Obesity is Associated with Reduced Plasticity of the Human Motor Cortex”).

Too much sugar

A related area of research is linked to sugar in the diet. A study, looking at an animal model, has discovered that mice fed diets high in sugar developed worse forms of colitis than mice fed a standard diet.

Colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. To explore the effects further, the researchers from UT Southwestern Medical Center examined the large intestines of the mice and discovered more of the bacteria that can damage the gut’s protective mucus layer to be present.

Importantly, the study pointed to sugar, such as the type of glucose found in high fructose corn syrup (used by parts of the food industry since the 1960s0 as the mist significant contributor to the effects.

The researchers have indicated that effect seen with mice can be extrapolated to humans, and this should act as some form of warning for a diet too rich in sugar.

The research is published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, titled “Dietary simple sugars alter microbial ecology in the gut and promote colitis in mice.”

Obesity and coronavirus risk

An individual’s health is important when considering coronavirus risk. A new study finds that factors inherent to obesity could increase vulnerability to COVID-19. Correlations in many countries exist between obesity and COVID-19 deaths.

In particular, inflammation in the lungs, when combined with high viral loads of the coronavirus, appears to create ‘a perfect storm’ for obese patients with COVID-19. Fat has high amounts of ACE2 receptors. These receptors serve as the entryways for the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the cells of the lungs.

Another concern is with the higher overall inflammatory state that accompanies obesity, and which primes many tissues to show a poor response to infection.

The outcome from the research is that medications used to lower inflammation in the lungs are beneficial to obese patients who have coronavirus. This may lead to a new medical intervention.

The research appears in eLife, titled “Obesity and diabetes as comorbidities for COVID-19: Underlying mechanisms and the role of viral–bacterial interactions.”

Essential Science

This article forms part of Digital Journal’s long-running Essential Science series, where new research relating to wider science stories of interest are presented on a weekly basis.

Last week we focused on coronavirus, considering why scientists are concenred over the issue of why some people become sicker than others when infected with the coronavirus. The answers may lie in with vitamin D levels.

The week before, our topic was global heating. We learned that as climate change continues to cause the average temperature around the planet to rise, staying cooler in what are increasingly set to be long, dry, and hot summers is a challenge that humanity needs to face. We examined three solutions for keeping cooler.

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TUESDAY, Nov. 3, 2020 (HealthDay News) — People struggling with obesity fared poorly during the COVID-19 lockdowns earlier this year, with their weight-control plans flying off the rails as they coped with the stress of the global pandemic, two new studies report.

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Obesity and race are additive, multiplicative mediators or confounders influencing COVID-19 outcomes among American adults, and the disparities have substantial implications for medical and public health responses, according to a speaker.

“Due to the complexity of the relationship between COVID-19, obesity and race/ethnicity, studies show conflicting results with regard to the reasons behind the greater morbidity and mortality noted in communities of color in the U.S.,” Fatima Cody Stanford, MD, MPH, MPA, FAAP, FACP, FAHA, FTOS, an obesity medicine physician scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, told Healio. “Almost 8 months into this pandemic, we have learned that there is no clear answer as to why these disparities exist. However, it does appear that better health at baseline lends itself to the best outcomes with COVID-19. We need more studies to ascertain this relationship.”

Disproportionate outcomes

There is still much to be learned about the pathophysiology of COVID-19, but it has become clear that Black Americans are disproportionately affected by the novel coronavirus and are far more likely to experience its more severe outcomes, including ICU admission, mechanical ventilation and death, Stanford said during an online presentation at ObesityWeek Interactive.

“When we look at the pandemic’s racial disparity … COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 people, we can see that Black Americans share a large burden,” Stanford said during the presentation. “I can tell you, talking to my parents who lost ten of their friends to this pandemic, my best friend who lost her father, and my mentee who is an internal medicine physician and has lost both parents, that this is indeed real.”

In a study published in June in The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers showed that among 3,481 patients with COVID-19, Black adults were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized as their white counterparts, with an OR of 1.96 after adjustments for multiple variables (95% CI, 1.62-2.37). Obesity, as well as residence in a low-income area, were also associated with increased odds for hospital admission in the study, Stanford said.

In another analysis published in Clinical Infectious Diseases in August, researchers demonstrated that Hispanic men and women with COVID-19 were significantly more likely to be admitted to the ICU and require mechanical ventilation compared with Black and white adults, Stanford said.

A ‘complex relationship’

The inflammatory state that typically accompanies obesity is associated with several disease processes, including impaired adipogenesis, oxidative stress and insulin resistance, Stanford said. Those processes can lead to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Stress — including post-traumatic stress disorder and depression — acts through the brain to further affect eating and exercise behaviors, Stanford said.

“It is important for us to recognize that these are intertwined,” Stanford said.

Adding to the burden, a person’s economic status, underlying health conditions and actual pathophysiological differences in inflammation may lead to the health disparities observed among underrepresented adults, Stanford said.

The additive effects create perfect storm for worse COVID-19 outcomes, she said.

“We need to be cognizant of the fact the people who are disproportionately impacted are those that have less power to deal with these issues,” Stanford said. “Better chronic disease management, particularly surrounding obesity, which has borne itself out to be one of the major risk factors for COVID-19, is necessary for the treatment of obesity across the age spectrum, particularly in those communities that look like mine.”

Stanford said the COVID-19 story “has not yet been completely written.”

“There is still a lot for us to learn as we conduct research that will hopefully go beyond this jump to publish,” Stanford said. “We can make an impact. We know that issues related to structural racism and related to the history of this country have made it that certain groups are disproportionately impacted by chronic and acute diseases like COVID-19.”

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Intensive behavioral therapy can provide additive weight-loss benefits for adults with obesity when combined with medication and diet, and online therapy could improve access to therapy at a lower cost, according to a speaker.

“Obesity can be treated using well-established behavioral treatments either in person or online,” Louis J. Aronne, MD, FACP, FTOS, DABOM, Sanford I. Weill Professor of Metabolic Research at Weill Cornell Medical College, told Healio. “The use of anti-obesity medication plus diet and behavior produces enough weight loss to significantly reduce metabolic disease risk, like type 2 diabetes, in the majority of patients.”

Aronne discussed intensive behavioral therapy for individuals with obesity at the virtual Cardiometabolic Health Congress.

Intensive behavioral therapy has become a key part of obesity treatment, according to Aronne. Guidelines published in Obesity in 2014 suggest that adults with overweight or obesity participate in a comprehensive lifestyle program for at least 6 months to lose 5% to 10% of initial weight. Participants should take part in 14 or more on-site, high-intensity weight-loss intervention sessions provided in an individual or group setting.

Shared decision-making between the provider and patient is crucial to developing the best diet, exercise and medical interventions, according to Aronne. Providers should set realistic goals, monitor food intake, activity and weight, and practice cognitive restructuring with participants.

Maintenance visits should also continue for individuals who lose weight at 6 months. Maintenance visits take place in an office or over the phone for at least 1 year with a trained interventionist. High levels of physical activity and a reduced-calorie diet appropriate for a lower body weight should be developed.

A randomized controlled trial published in Obesity in 2019 showed behavioral therapy combined with liraglutide (Saxenda, Novo Nordisk) and diet results in the greatest weight loss. Participants who had only intensive behavioral therapy had a 5% mean weight loss, whereas those who had behavioral therapy and liraglutide had a 9.5% mean weight loss. Participants who had intensive behavioral therapy, liraglutide and a meal replacement had a 14% mean weight loss.

Additionally, therapy can be provided by registered dietitians, health counselors and medical assistants. The trial showed there was little difference in weight loss for participants treated by a physician vs. a registered dietitian. There was also no difference for participants who went to a novice interventionist and those who had an experienced interventionist.

Intensive behavioral therapy is beginning to transition to more online care. Aronne said online visits could reach a larger number of people at potentially lower costs. Online services can also connect devices such as activity monitors and digital scales to allow providers to receive live data. Aronne said optimal intervention therapy would combine live visits, video visits and remote monitoring of weight, diet and other variables.

“We have developed a platform, Intellihealth Evolve, that allows providers to deliver this kind of care remotely or in the office setting,” Aronne told Healio. “It has education about obesity treatment, treatment recommendations and all the behavioral tools needed for this type of care. We are beginning to implement it as part of our electronic medical record system at Weill Cornell. A large-scale trial is coming out on Nov. 3 in JAMA, which documents the effectiveness of our program delivered remotely.”

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Source – https://www.eurekalert.org/

Silver Spring, Md.– Innovative scientific research results on Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its impact on obesity will be presented through oral and poster abstracts at the 38th Annual Meeting of The Obesity Society (TOS) at ObesityWeek® Interactive. This online event will take place Nov. 2-6, 2020 at http://www.obesityweek.org. On-Demand materials and other elements of the interactive conference will remain available online through Dec. 31, 2020.

“COVID-19 disproportionately affects people with obesity, who are at greater risk for complications and death,” said Jaime Almandoz, MD, co-chair of the TOS Program Planning Committee. “This year’s program highlights the latest research on the impact of COVID-19 for people with obesity. This includes presentations covering the effects of COVID-19 on the immune system and outcomes in critically ill patients with obesity, in addition to the influence that the pandemic is having on eating, health behaviors, television watching and telemedicine.”

TOS’s program chairs haves selected a sampling of top abstracts from the nearly 40 abstracts focused on COVID-19 and obesity that will be presented at the meeting.

Samples of the science that will be presented include:

• “Binge Watching During COVID: Associations With Stress and Body Weight” – Aghababian et al.
• “Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children With Obesity: A Longitudinal Study” – Heymsfield et al.
• “Obesity Management in Times of COVID-19 Restrictions: Patient Survey in Center Offering Telemedicine” – Pachter et al.
• “Impact of COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Orders on Weight-Related Behaviors Among Patients With Obesity” – Almandoz et al.
• “Effect of Obesity and Metabolic Disease on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection” – Jirapinyo et al.
• “Association of BMI with Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: Multicenter Cohort Study” – Pattou et al.
• “Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Obesity Admitted With COVID-19” – Mostaghim et al.

###

To view these abstracts or to read others, media representatives can log on to http://www.obesityweek.org and research the Read 2020 Abstracts section under the Abstracts tab.

Media representatives interested in covering abstract presentations on COVID-19 and obesity or other obesity-related topics need to register for ObesityWeek® Interactive. Registration is free but a media code is needed. To obtain a media registration code, email TOS Director of Communications Kristin Collins at kcollins@obesity.org.

All abstracts are embargoed from media coverage until 12:00 p.m. (EST) Nov. 3, 2020, the first day of ObesityWeek® Scientific Sessions. Learn more about the Society’s Embargo Policy.

For more information, visit http://www.obesityweek.org.

The Obesity Society (TOS) is the leading organization of scientists and health professionals devoted to understanding and reversing the epidemic of obesity and its adverse health, economic and societal effects. Combining the perspective of researchers, clinicians, policymakers and patients, TOS promotes innovative research, education, and evidence-based clinical care to improve the health and well-being of all people with obesity. For more information, visit http://www.obesityweek.org.

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The study that was published in the Family Practice journal claims that other than charting a proper diet plan, most of the registered dietitians also influence the eating habits and behavior of the dieters through intensive behavioural therapy.

Weight loss is not an easy task. Many people try their best to control their food intake and exercise religiously, but many a times, it all goes to waste. That’s when people resort to adopting diet programs and visit dietitians for the same. A person’s ability to lose weight depends on his or her body type as well as eating habits. Many people think that going to dietitians is just a waste of money, as one can easily reform their diet themselves. However, a recent study has proved that dietitians may play a highly effective part in the weight loss process. 

The study that was published in the Family Practice journal claims that other than charting a proper diet plan, most of the registered dietitians also influence the eating habits and behavior of the dieters through intensive behavioural therapy, which proves to be an impactful way to help people lose weight. 
The study researchers examined the integration of registered dietitians and nutritionists providing intensive behavioural therapy for obesity to help participants who were also Medicare beneficiaries, draft their diet and improve their eating habits. The dietitians suggested specific and personalised diet goals and the dietitians and the patients worked together to frame methods to achieve them.

This test results revealed that the dietitian-provided intensive behavioural therapy not just help participants eat healthy and lose weight effectively; its benefits extend beyond weight loss and included many other associated health and behavioural areas. 

Lauren Sastre, one of the paper’s authors said, “We are excited about our findings, which demonstrated registered dietitian nutritionist delivered intensive behavioural therapy for obesity to Medicare beneficiaries is effective and beneficial for patients. This particularly important in light of the growing pressure on providers to track and demonstrate improved Medicare patient outcomes, which include weight status.”

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The World Health Organization has described obesity as a global epidemic and one of today’s “most blatantly visible yet neglected public health problems.” In the last few years reports on the rise of this life-threatening condition among children and adults across the globe have been alarming.

A total of 107.7 million children and 603.7 million adults were considered to be obese in 2015. But now our research shows that obesity is even more common than these reports suggest, and that in many countries most people are now living with obesity.

Obesity is a disease in which the amount of body fat is too high—high enough to harm health. It can increase the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart problems, stroke and some cancers. But measuring body fatness accurately is difficult—and so most scientific studies and national surveys do not measure it, but use instead the weight-to-height body mass index (BMI) as a simple proxy for body fatness.

But the issue here is that the BMI can be a misleading proxy for high body fatness in both children and adults—and even more so in particular ethnic groups. This means that many people with apparently healthy BMI will actually be living with high body fatness without being aware of it, and so be at risk of the serious health consequences without realising it. Our research aimed to assess how problematic BMI is when used as a proxy for high body fatness in African children.

The problem with body-mass index

A high BMI or BMI-for-age—in children and adolescents BMI has to be adjusted for age because it increases with growth and maturation—is usually taken to represent high body fatness. The problem is that while almost all adults and children who have a high BMI will have a high level of body fat, many people with an apparently healthy BMI will also have a high level of body fat.

It is well known that BMI misclassifies the body fatness of athletes, bodybuilders and sportsmen and women, because a high muscle mass produces a high BMI. Only a small proportion of the population are athletic though, and the far more common problem with BMI is that it misclassifies body fatness of this much larger, non-athletic portion of the population—but in the opposite direction, meaning it downplays its extent.

The extent of the misclassifying of body fatness by BMI matters. Most studies which have measured both body fatness and BMI have taken place in Europe and North America—and in these studies the prevalence of high body fatness has been as much as two to three times greater than the prevalence of high BMI. In one example26% of US adults were obese according to their BMI, while 64% of the same adults were obese according to a more accurate measure which images the amount of fat in the body directly using X-rays.

Obesity and ethnicity

The problem of underestimating obesity is even worse in some population groups. The extent to which the BMI misclassifies the body fatness of people depends on their ethnicity. It is well established, but not well known, that BMI misclassifies children and adults in south and east Asia even more than Europeans.

There is emerging evidence that this problem extends to using BMI in other population groups too. In our recent study of children living in eight cities across Africa from Windhoek in the south to Tunis in the north, we found that 9% were obese according to their BMI-for-age, but 29% had high body fat according to a stable isotope technique designed for measuring body fatness.

By underestimating the prevalence of obesity because of reliance on BMI in clinics, research studies and national health surveys, we also underestimate the need for action to prevent and treat obesity. To use our African study as an example, the case for action at a 29% prevalence of obesity is much stronger than at a prevalence of 9%. Obesity is far more common than it seems, and it requires much greater effort and more urgent attention than it is currently receiving.

As we enter a new decade it is time for national resolutions that are more ambitious. The main drivers of the global obesity epidemic are well known: excessive fat and sugar intake, lack of sleep, too much screen time, insufficient physical activity. We need global measures across all age groups to address these elements and we need them now.

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New disease outbreaks, like the novel coronavirus that recently emerged in China’s Hubei province, generate headlines and attention. Meanwhile, however, Americans face a slower but much more pervasive health crisis: obesity.

Nearly 40% of Americans are considered obese. Rates of obesity for children have increased in recent decades, putting more people at increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. One in 5 deaths of those aged 40 to 85 are now attributed to obesity, and one recent study projects that by 2030, nearly half of all U.S. adults will be obese.

This problem is too often treated only as an issue of personal responsibility, with calls for people to eat healthier diets and exercise more. It is true that Americans need to cut their caloric intake, especially of foods high in sugar and saturated fats, and get more exercise. Nearly 80% of U.S. adults are not meeting federal guidelines for physical activity, which recommend 2.5 to 5 hours of moderate physical activity weekly.

But our built environment, which includes not only buildings but roads, sidewalks and public spaces, also plays an important role in physical health. Researchers call cities that promote sedentary lifestyles and poor diet obesogenic. As a researcher focusing on urban issues, I am encouraged to see city planners paying increasing attention to helping residents lead healthy lifestyles. 

Fat cities

Modern U.S. cities were designed to make exercise unnecessary. Cars and elevators symbolized urban areas as machines for more efficient living. Now it is clear that these improvements provide great benefits but also impose health costs.

Recent studies show that urban sprawl encourages more driving and is associated with higher weight. This correlation suggests that the layout and design of cities can hinder or promote healthier lifestyle choices.

As a thought experiment, what would a city that makes residents more overweight look like? It would probably have few fresh food facilities and discourage physical activity, thus encouraging people to eat fast food and sit in cars rather than walking or bicycling. In other words, it would resemble the standard car-centric U.S. cities that have emerged in the past 50 years.

Cities did not create the obesity epidemic, but they can make it worse by neither promoting nor prompting healthier lifestyles. And it’s not just happening in the U.S. Around the world, health experts contend, cities are making people fat.

Fat cities

Modern U.S. cities were designed to make exercise unnecessary. Cars and elevators symbolized urban areas as machines for more efficient living. Now it is clear that these improvements provide great benefits but also impose health costs.

Recent studies show that urban sprawl encourages more driving and is associated with higher weight. This correlation suggests that the layout and design of cities can hinder or promote healthier lifestyle choices.

As a thought experiment, what would a city that makes residents more overweight look like? It would probably have few fresh food facilities and discourage physical activity, thus encouraging people to eat fast food and sit in cars rather than walking or bicycling. In other words, it would resemble the standard car-centric U.S. cities that have emerged in the past 50 years.

Cities did not create the obesity epidemic, but they can make it worse by neither promoting nor prompting healthier lifestyles. And it’s not just happening in the U.S. Around the world, health experts contend, cities are making people fat.

Getting out and about

Planners are also paying increasing attention to encouraging physical activity by making it easier and safer for people to recreate, walk, bike and take public transportation. Longevity studies show that people live the longest in environments where physical activity is part of everyday life.

Providing more walkable spaces, better protected bike lanes and more recreational spaces are important steps. But even smaller changes can be effective.

Cities can close off streets on weekends to encourage communities to get out and walk. They also can provide more seating in public places, so that less-fit residents can rest during their journeys. Using public spaces in cities as places where people can exercise promotes equity, rather than allowing physical activity to become restricted to private gyms with often-expensive monthly fees.

Studies show that when cities are designed to provide walkability, bikeability, public transportation and more attractive green recreational spaces, then physical activity across the entire community increases. Minneapolis-St. Paul was rated the nation’s fittest city after it made a commitment a decade ago to expand bike lanes, tree planting and safer sidewalks. The changes encouraged residents to walk more and get more exercise. 

Cities as machines

It will be expensive to create healthier cities. But a recent survey of mayors revealed that a majority believes their cities were too car-centric. Many wanted to invest more in bike infrastructure, parks and public sports complexes. Cities with high levels of obesity typically don’t make these features a priority.

The U.S. health care system, with its emphasis on tests and interventions to treat individual illness rather than on prevention, is the most expensive in the world with only modest levels of health outcomes and life expectancy compared to similarly wealthy countries. Integrating better diets and more physical activity into everyday urban life can help Americans become healthier more effectively, and at less cost.

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Severely obese mothers with diabetes had an increased overall risk for their offspring to have psychiatric disorders, according to new research.

If a mother had severe obesity and insulin-treated pregestational diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or gestational diabetes, their offspring was at an estimated 128%, 54%, or 18% increased risk to be diagnosed with an ICD-10 F code.

Ida A. K. Nilsson, PhD, and a team of investigators examined more than 647,000 births to learn the associations of different types of maternal diabetes—with and without obesity—with psychiatric disorders in their offspring. The investigators found that the risk was highest for women exposed to insulin-treated pregestational diabetes.

Nilsson, from the molecular medicine and surgery department at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, and colleagues included all pregnancies which ended in live births in Finland between January 2004-December 2014. Data were collected from the Drugs and Pregnancy database. Primary and secondary diagnoses of psychiatric disorders for offspring and mothers were obtained from the Finnish Care Registers for Health Care (HILMO).

The investigators categorized maternal body mass index (BMI) as severely obese (>35); moderately obese (>30 to <35); overweight (>25 to <30); and normal weight (>18.5 to <25). Pregestational BMI for mothers was severely obese for 3.7%; moderately obese for 7.7%; overweight for 20.7%; and normal weight for 59.2% of births.

Among the 647,099 births studied, 105,966 fetuses (16.3%) were exposed in utero to maternal diabetes, 4000 (.62%) to insulin-treated pregestational diabetes—3880 with insulin purchase also during pregnancy— 3724 (.57%) to type 2 diabetes without insulin, and 98,242 to gestational diabetes not treated with insulin.

There were statistically significant interactions between maternal prepregnancy BMI and maternal diabetes with offspring have any psychiatric diagnosis (insulin-treated pregestational diabetes, P <.001; type 2 diabetes, P <.001; gestational diabetes, P = .007). Maternal diabetes, in addition to obesity, added an increased risk for offspring to receive a psychiatric diagnosis—effect size larger in the insulin-treated pregestational diabetes first, then type 2, and then gestational diabetes.

Insulin-treated pregestational diabetes (HR, 2.71; 95% CI, 2.03-3.61), type 2 diabetes (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.61-2.37), and gestational diabetes (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.50-1.72) were associated with an estimated 128%, 54%, and 18% increased risk for their offspring to receive any ICD-10 F code diagnosis for mothers with severe obesity compared to mothers with only severe obesity (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.33-1.54).

If a mother had severe obesity and insulin-treated pregestational diabetes it was associated with offspring mood disorders (HR, 8.03; 95% CI, 3.32-19.43) and intellectual disability (HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.63-8.14). There was no association with offspring anxiety disorders.

The children of severely obese mothers with type 2 diabetes had higher risks of mood disorders (HR, 3.61; 95% CI, 2.09-6.25), anxiety disorders (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.35-3.42) and intellectual disabilities (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.03-3.85) than the offspring of normal-weight mothers without diabetes. Those born to mothers with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes were also at increased risk of specific developmental disorders (HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.81-2.91), ASD (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.18-4.41), ADHD or conduct disorders (HR, 3.21; 95% CI, 2.20-4.70), and other behavioral and emotional disorders (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.10-2.46) compared to children born to healthy mothers.

Overall, 34,892 offspring (5.39%) had a psychiatric disorder diagnosed during the study period (before the age of 11 years old). Psychiatric disorders included mood disorders (.31%); anxiety disorders (.73%); specific development disorders (2.77%); ADHD or conduct disorders (.81%); or other behavioral and emotional disorders.

Of the mothers without diabetes, higher prepregnancy BMI (moderate and severe obesity) was linked to an increased risk of any ICD-10 F code diagnosis among their offspring (moderate obesity, HR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.24-1.36]; severe obesity, HR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.33-1.54]), compared to those with BMI < 25. Specifically, the offspring had an increased risk of anxiety disorders (moderate obesity, HR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.16-1.49]; severe obesity, HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.15-1.72]), intellectual disabilities (moderate obesity, HR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.32-1.84]; severe obesity, HR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.06-1.86], and ADHD or conduct disorders (moderate obesity, HR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.26-1.61]; severe obesity, HR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.58-2.23]).

Those offspring were also at an increased risk to being diagnosed with specific developmental disorders (moderate obesity, HR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.37-1.55]; severe obesity, HR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.26-1.61]).

Nearly 13,500 children (2.07%) purchased psychotropic medication, including antipsychotics and hypnotics or anxiolytics, antidepressants, and stimulants.

Additional research with longer follow-up on offspring and exploration of biological mechanisms are needed, the investigators concluded.

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