{"id":4444,"date":"2020-02-05T06:25:15","date_gmt":"2020-02-05T06:25:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/news\/?p=4444"},"modified":"2020-02-05T06:25:15","modified_gmt":"2020-02-05T06:25:15","slug":"children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/blog\/children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function\/","title":{"rendered":"Children with type 1 diabetes display irregular brain function"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Source:healtheuropa.eu<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/blog\/children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function\/#Study_reveals_that_the_default_mode_network_in_children_with_Type_1_diabetes_does_not_switch_off_when_focusing_on_a_task\" >Study reveals that the default mode network in children with Type 1 diabetes does not switch off when focusing on a task<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/blog\/children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function\/#Abnormal_brain_activity\" >Abnormal brain activity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/blog\/children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function\/#Blood_sugar_affects_brain_development\" >Blood sugar affects brain development<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/blog\/children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function\/#Study_methodology\" >Study methodology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mymedicplus.com\/blog\/children-with-type-1-diabetes-display-irregular-brain-function\/#Whats_next\" >What\u2019s next?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Study_reveals_that_the_default_mode_network_in_children_with_Type_1_diabetes_does_not_switch_off_when_focusing_on_a_task\"><\/span>Study reveals that the default mode network in children with Type 1 diabetes does not switch off when focusing on a task<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A study led by Stanford scientists at\u00a0Stanford University School of Medicine\u00a0has shown that children with Type 1 diabetes show slight but important differences in brain function compared with those who don\u2019t suffer from the disease.<\/p>\n<p>The study, in\u00a0<em>PLOS Medicine<\/em>, is the first of its kind to evaluate what occurs in the brains of children with diabetes during a cognitive task.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Abnormal_brain_activity\"><\/span>Abnormal brain activity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging scans when the children\u2019s brains were at work to measure brain function. Compared to children without the disease, the\u00a0children with diabetes\u00a0displayed a set of abnormal brain-activity patterns that have been seen in many other disorders, including a cognitive decline in ageing, concussion, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and multiple sclerosis.<\/p>\n<p>The study also reported that abnormal brain-activity patterns were more pronounced in children who had lived with diabetes for longer.<\/p>\n<p>Lara Foland-Ross, PhD, senior research associate at the\u00a0Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research at Stanford\u00a0said: \u201cOur findings suggest that, in children with Type 1 diabetes, the brain isn\u2019t being as efficient as it could.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Foland-Ross shares lead authorship of the paper with\u00a0Bruce Buckingham, MD, professor emeritus of paediatrics at Stanford.<\/p>\n<p>Allan Reiss, MD, study\u2019s senior author and professor of\u00a0psychiatry and behavioural sciences at Stanford\u00a0said: \u201cThe takeaway from our study is that, despite a lot of attention from endocrinologists to this group of patients, and real improvements in clinical guidelines, children with diabetes are still at risk of having learning and\u00a0behavioural issues\u00a0that are likely associated with their disease.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blood_sugar_affects_brain_development\"><\/span>Blood sugar affects brain development<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to make insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar. To combat this, patients are given insulin via injections or an insulin pump. But even with treatment, their blood levels of glucose \u2013 the main sugar in blood \u2013 fluctuate much more than in healthy individuals.<\/p>\n<p>Foland-Ross explains: \u201cKids with diabetes have chronic swings in blood glucose levels, and glucose is important for brain development.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Brain cells need a steady supply of glucose for fuel. Earlier work revealed brain-structure changes and mild performance impairment on cognitive tasks in children with Type 1 diabetes, but the mechanism had never been studied.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Study_methodology\"><\/span>Study methodology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>93\u00a0children with type 1 diabetes\u00a0had fMRI brain scans conducted. The children were assessed across five sites: Nemours Children\u2019s Health System in Jacksonville, Florida; Stanford; Washington University in St Louis; the University of Iowa; and Yale.<\/p>\n<p>An additional 57 children who did not have the disease composed the control group. All participants were between 7 and 14 years old. Standard behavioural and cognitive tests were given to all the children before brain scanning.<\/p>\n<p>Whilst in the fMRI scanner, the children performed a cognitive task called \u201cgo\/no-go\u201d where different letters of the alphabet were shown in random order, and participants were asked to press a button in response to every letter except \u201cX.\u201d The task is often used in brain-scanning studies to evaluate what is happening in the brain while participants are concentrating.<\/p>\n<p>The results showed that the children with diabetes performed the task as accurately as those in the control group, but their brains were behaving differently.<\/p>\n<p>In children with diabetes, the default-mode network, which is the brain\u2019s \u201cidle\u201d system, was not shutting off during the task. To compensate for the abnormal activation of the default-mode network, the brain\u2019s executive control networks, responsible for aspects of self-regulation and concentration, were working harder than normal in the children with diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>These abnormalities were more pronounced in children who had been diagnosed with diabetes at younger ages, suggesting that the problem may worsen with time.<\/p>\n<p>Foland-Ross said: \u201cThe longer the exposure you have to dynamic changes in blood glucose levels, the greater the alterations in brain function with respect to the default-mode network.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Studies in\u00a0adults with diabetes\u00a0suggest that in the later stages of the disease, the brain eventually loses its ability to compensate for this problem.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_next\"><\/span>What\u2019s next?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Scientists want to study whether achieving better blood glucose concentrations through treatment with a\u00a0closed-loop artificial pancreas\u00a0benefits children\u2019s brain function. These devices electronically couple a blood glucose sensor to an insulin pump that automatically adjusts insulin delivery.<\/p>\n<p>Reiss said: \u201cWe hope that with improvements in devices for diabetes treatment, these findings will either decrease in severity or go away. With better blood sugar control, children\u2019s brains might be able to recover normal activity.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYoung brains have the most potential for plasticity and repair, but children also have a long time to live with the consequences, if problems with brain function persist.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The paper\u2019s other Stanford co-authors are Gabby Tong, an affiliate at the Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research at Stanford, and Paul Mazaika, PhD, associate director of computational neuroimaging at the centre. Researchers at all study sites also contributed to the work.<\/p>\n<div class=\"et_social_inline et_social_mobile_on et_social_inline_bottom\">\n<div class=\"et_social_networks et_social_4col et_social_flip et_social_rectangle et_social_left et_social_no_animation et_social_nospace et_social_withnetworknames et_social_outer_dark\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4445,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[248,451,2956,930,2955],"class_list":["post-4444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-diabetes","tag-brain","tag-children","tag-display","tag-function","tag-type-1-diabetes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Children with type 1 diabetes display irregular brain function - 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