Browse digestive system content in conditions.
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GERD (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease) affects 20% of Western adults, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and oesophageal damage. Learn about proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, lansoprazole), H2 blockers, lifestyle modifications, Barrett's oesophagus surveillance, and when surgery (fundoplication) is needed.
Constipation affects 16% of adults globally and 33% of those over 60. Defined as fewer than 3 stools per week or difficulty with defaecation. Lifestyle changes, osmotic laxatives (macrogol), and prucalopride are effective. Rule out colorectal cancer in adults over 50.
Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools per day, affecting 1.7 billion children annually. Caused by infections, food intolerances, IBS, and IBD. Learn about ORS rehydration, antibiotic indications, and when to seek urgent care.
Gallstones affect 10–15% of adults in Western countries. Most are asymptomatic but can cause biliary colic, cholecystitis, and pancreatitis. Learn about cholesterol stones, ERCP, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and when surgery is needed.
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining, most commonly caused by H. pylori infection (affecting 44% of the world population) or NSAID use. Learn about eradication therapy, proton pump inhibitors, and preventing ulcer progression.
IBD (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) affects over 10 million people worldwide. Learn about diagnosis by colonoscopy and biopsy, mesalazine, biologics (infliximab, vedolizumab), and when surgery is needed.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 10-15% of adults globally and is the most common gastrointestinal disorder. Learn about Rome IV criteria, low-FODMAP diet, antispasmodics, SSRIs, and when to investigate for serious bowel disease.
Peptic ulcer disease affects 4 million people globally each year. H. pylori bacteria cause 70-90% of duodenal ulcers. Learn about alarm symptoms, endoscopy, H. pylori eradication therapy, and PPI treatment for gastric and duodenal ulcers.
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