Browse urology content in conditions.
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Bladder cancer is the most common urological cancer. Painless visible haematuria is the cardinal symptom. Learn about cystoscopy, TURBT, intravesical BCG immunotherapy, radical cystectomy, and checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.
Blood in urine (haematuria) is always abnormal and requires investigation. Learn about visible vs. non-visible haematuria, NICE 2-week-wait criteria for bladder cancer, cystoscopy, flexible ureterorenoscopy, kidney stones, and when haematuria signals bladder cancer.
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) affect 10-12% of people in their lifetime and have a 50% recurrence rate. Learn about calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite stones, CT KUB diagnosis, ureteroscopy, ESWL, PCNL, and prevention with hydration and dietary changes.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, with 1.4 million new cases globally each year. Most are slow-growing and detected by PSA testing. Treatments include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy. Learn about risk stratification, staging, and decision-making.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects 50% of men by age 60 and 90% by age 85. Urinary hesitancy, weak stream, nocturia, and incomplete bladder emptying are hallmark symptoms. Alpha-blockers and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are first-line medical treatments.
Urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra from scar tissue, causing obstructive voiding symptoms. Learn about causes (trauma, instrumentation, infection, lichen sclerosus), diagnosis by urethrography and cystoscopy, treatment options (urethral dilation, internal urethrotomy, urethroplasty), and recurrence rates for this primarily male condition.
Urinary incontinence affects 420 million people globally. Stress, urge, and mixed incontinence are the most common types. Pelvic floor muscle training (Kegel exercises), bladder training, oxybutynin, and midurethral sling procedures effectively treat incontinence.
Urinary tract infections in the urological context encompass complicated UTIs — occurring in men, patients with structural abnormalities, catheters, or immunosuppression. E. coli causes 80% of cases. Learn about urology workup, antibiotic resistance management, and recurrent UTI prevention.
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