Browse comprehensive guides on medical conditions covering causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies worldwide.
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Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition affecting 1% of the population where gluten ingestion triggers immune damage to the small intestinal villi, causing malabsorption. Diagnosis requires serology (anti-tTG IgA) and duodenal biopsy. The only treatment is strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide, with 660,000 new cases annually. Nearly all cases (99.7%) are caused by HPV infection. Regular Pap smear screening and HPV vaccination can prevent most cervical cancers. Learn about staging, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions in children, affecting 30-40% globally. Common types include food allergy, eczema (atopic dermatitis), hay fever, and asthma. Learn about diagnosis with skin prick tests, allergy-proofing the home, and when to use an EpiPen.
Asthma is the most common chronic condition in children, affecting 14% of children globally. In children, it causes recurrent cough (especially at night), wheeze, and breathlessness triggered by allergens, infections, or exercise. Learn about preventer inhalers, spacers, written asthma action plans, and managing attacks.
Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in children, caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. It requires lifelong insulin therapy. Learn about warning signs (polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss), insulin regimens, CGM, and managing diabetes at school.
Fever (above 38°C) is one of the most common reasons parents seek medical help for children. Most fevers in children are caused by viral infections and resolve within 3-5 days. Learn the 'traffic light' system for assessing severity, when to seek emergency care, and how to safely use paracetamol and ibuprofen.
Growth disorders in children include growth hormone deficiency (GHD), hypothyroidism, Turner syndrome, and chronic illness-related growth failure. Short stature (height below 2 SD from the mean) warrants investigation. Learn about bone age assessment, IGF-1 levels, growth hormone therapy, and monitoring.
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Childhood obesity affects 39 million children under 5 globally and 340 million children aged 5-19. It is defined by age- and sex-specific BMI percentile thresholds. Learn about dietary management, physical activity recommendations, behavioural intervention, and emerging pharmacological treatments for adolescents.
Chronic back pain (pain persisting over 12 weeks) affects 619 million people globally and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. It has a biopsychosocial component — fear-avoidance, catastrophising, and depression amplify pain. Learn about physiotherapy, CBT, pain medicine, and surgery indications.
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, debilitating condition characterised by profound fatigue, post-exertional malaise (PEM), cognitive dysfunction, and sleep disturbances. It affects 17-24 million people globally. Learn about diagnosis criteria, pacing strategies, and current evidence-based management.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 850 million people globally and is staged 1-5 by eGFR. Diabetes and hypertension cause 80% of CKD. Learn about slowing progression with ACE inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, diet modification, dialysis, and kidney transplantation.
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