Browse comprehensive guides on medical conditions covering causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies worldwide.
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Chronic neck pain (lasting over 3 months) is the 4th leading cause of disability globally, affecting 30% of adults at any one time. Cervical spondylosis (degenerative disc and joint changes) is the most common cause. Learn about physiotherapy, posture correction, cervical collar, injections, and surgery indications.
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSDs) result from misalignment between the internal body clock and the external environment. Types include delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (common in teens), shift work disorder, jet lag, and advanced sleep-wake phase disorder. Learn about melatonin, light therapy, and chronotherapy.
Colorectal cancer (colon and rectal cancer combined) is the 3rd most common cancer worldwide, with 1.9 million new cases annually. 90% arise from pre-cancerous polyps detected by colonoscopy. Learn about staging (Stages I-IV), surgical resection, FOLFOX/FOLFIRI chemotherapy, bevacizumab, immunotherapy, and Lynch syndrome.
Conjunctivitis (pink eye) is inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane covering the white of the eye. It can be viral (most common), bacterial, or allergic. Learn about diagnosis by discharge type, antibiotic eyedrops, antihistamine drops, hygiene to prevent spread, and when to seek urgent eye care.
Constipation affects 14% of adults globally, causing infrequent bowel movements (fewer than 3 per week), hard stools, and straining. The Bristol Stool Scale types 1-2 indicate constipation. Learn about dietary fibre, osmotic laxatives (lactulose, polyethylene glycol), stimulant laxatives, and when to investigate for bowel cancer.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects 391 million people globally and is the 3rd leading cause of death. Caused primarily by smoking, it causes progressive airflow limitation. Learn about GOLD staging, triple inhaler therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death globally, caused by atherosclerotic plaque narrowing the coronary arteries. It causes angina, heart attacks, and heart failure. Learn about statins, aspirin, PCI (stent), CABG bypass surgery, cardiac rehabilitation, and risk factor modification.
COVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2. Since 2019, variants including Delta and Omicron have emerged. Learn about symptoms from mild to severe, PCR and antigen testing, antiviral treatments (nirmatrelvir/Paxlovid), vaccines (mRNA, adenoviral vector), and long COVID (post-COVID syndrome).
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting genetic condition caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, causing thick mucus accumulation in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Learn about newborn screening, chest physiotherapy, CFTR modulators (Trikafta — elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor), lung transplantation, and the remarkable life expectancy improvements achieved.
Dandruff is caused by overproduction of skin cells on the scalp, often linked to the yeast Malassezia. It causes white flakes, scalp itching, and oiliness. Learn about ketoconazole shampoo, zinc pyrithione, selenium sulphide, salicylic acid, and how to distinguish dandruff from seborrhoeic dermatitis and scalp psoriasis.
Dementia is a syndrome of cognitive decline severe enough to impair daily functioning. It affects 57 million people globally. Alzheimer's disease (60-70%) is the most common type, followed by vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia. Learn about early diagnosis, dementia staging, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil), lecanemab, and carer support.
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV 1-4), transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It affects 390 million people annually. Learn about dengue warning signs, dengue haemorrhagic fever, NS1 antigen testing, fluid management, and dengue vaccine (Qdenga).
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